1898-PRESENT • Puerto Rico • Colonized by the U.S. 1898-1902 • Cuba • gains independence, but the U.S. establishes significant influence 1902 • Venezuela • The U.S., Germany, and Britain forced Venezuela to pay outstanding debts through a naval blockade 1903 • Panama • The U.S. supported Panama’s declaration of independence from Colombia to facilitate and influence the construction of the Panama Canal • Honduras • The U.S. invaded to protect American interests, particularly the railroad and fruit companies • Dominican Republic • The U.S. occupied to oversee its customs revenue, ensuring the payment of debts to European creditors 1906-1909 • Cuba • The U.S. invaded to protect American investments 1907 • Honduras • The U.S. invaded to protect American interests during political unrest 1909 • Nicaragua • The U.S. repeatedly invaded to protect American interests 1911 • Honduras • The U.S. Supported a coup against President Miguel Dávila amid political unrest 1912 • Nicaragua • The U.S. occupied to safeguard American interests 1914-1916 • Dominican Republic • The U.S. occupied to quell civil unrest and establish a more secure environment for financial investments 1914-1917 • Mexico • The U.S. occupied Veracruz in response to the Tampico incident during the Mexican Revolution 1915-1934 • Haiti • The U.S. occupied to protect American interests 1917-1922 • Cuba • The U.S. military and economic influence contributed to political instability and economic dependence 1918-1920 • Panama • The U.S. forces returned during political unrest to protect the Panama Canal and maintain control 1919 • Honduras • The U.S. forces were deployed to protect American interests during a period of political instability 1933 • Nicaragua • The U.S. supported the coup that established the Somoza family dictatorship 1946 • Panama • The U.S. established the School of the Americas (SOA), later WHINSEC, to train military personnel and future dictators from Latin America 1948 • Peru • The U.S. engineered a military coup, installing the dictatorial regime of Manuel Odría • Venezuela • The U.S. staged and managed a coup, installing the Jimenez dictatorship • El Salvador • The U.S. instigated a coup, installing Osorio’s dictatorship 1951 • Bolivia • The U.S. directed coup, establishing the dictatorship of Hugo Ballivian 1952 • Cuba • The U.S. instigated a coup, installing the Batista dictatorship 1954 • Paraguay • The U.S. engineered a coup and installed the Stroessner dictatorship • Guatemala • U.S./CIA-backed coup to overthrow President Árbenz in Operation PBSUCCESS • Brazil • The U.S. master-minded coup, forcing President G. D. Vargas to commit suicide • Mexico • The U.S. instigated a coup but was defeated by the people 1955 • Costa Rica • The U.S. ordered the attack against Costa Rica by Nicaraguan dictator A. Somoza but was repulsed • Brazil • The U.S. plotted a coup that failed • Chile • The U.S. plotted to dissolve parliament and set up a military dictatorship but was defeated by democratic forces 1958 • Venezuela • The U.S. instigated three coups, which were all defeated • Haiti • The U.S. instigated a military coup with American personnel taking part but was defeated • Argentina • The U.S. plotted and directed an army coup, but was defeated by the people 1959 • Dominican Republic • The U.S. sent 2,000 Marines ashore on an “unofficial visit” to threaten the Dominican people in their carrying out an anti-U.S. and anti-dictatorship struggle 1960 • Dominican Republic • The U.S. sent 4,000 Marines to interfere in Dominican affairs • Guatemala and Nicaragua • The U.S. sent naval and air forces to the Caribbean Sea to threaten Cuba and directly interfere in the patrioticndemocratic struggle of the people of Guatemala and Nicaragua 1961 • El Salvador • The U.S. embassy engineered and took part directly in an army coup, installed a pro-U.S. dictatorial regime • Cuba • The U.S. attempted to overthrow Fidel Castro (The Bay of Pigs invasion) but failed, further straining relations with Cuba during the Cold War • Dominican Republic • The U.S. sent 40 warships to Dominican waters and declared readiness to prevent possible revolution in the Republic • Brazil • The U.S. staged/managed a coup, compelled President Quadros to resign, unsuccessfully attempted to establish a military dictatorship, and forced the government in office to discard the policy of independence and policy of non-intervention towards Cuba • Ecuador • The U.S. conspired with reactionary forces in Ecuador to set up a pro-U.S. dictatorial regime but failed 1962 • Argentina • The U.S. engineered a coup, installing the pro-U.S. J.M. Guido regime • Peru • The U.S. instigated a coup and installed the dictatorial regime of R.P. Godoy • Cuba • The U.S. created a naval blockade of Cuba to “prevent soviet missile” deployment (Cuban Missile Crisis) 1963 • Peru • The U.S. once again instigated a coup and installed a more pro-U.S. dictatorship • Guatemala • The U.S. directed ultra-Right-wing coup to establish a more pro-U.S. dictatorship • Ecuador • The U.S. instigated a coup, helping to install a dictatorship • Dominican Republic • The U.S. engineered a coup by ultra-right-wing military officers and police to install a pro-U.S. dictatorship • Honduras • The U.S. staged and managed a coup, installing a dictatorship 1964 • Uruguay • The U.S. instigated a Right-wing army coup but failed • Brazil • The U.S. supported the coup leading to the overthrow of President João Goulart 1965 • Cuba • The U.S. military intervention during Operation Power Pack to stabilize the political situation in the Dominican Republic and prevent a potential Cuban influence • Dominican Republic • The U.S. invasion and military occupation during a civil war to prevent “the spread of communism” 1966 • Guatemala • The U.S. ran covert CIA operations against resistance fighters 1967 • Venezuela • The U.S. allegedly backed an invasion (Machurucuto raid) that attempted to overthrow the government of Raúl Leoni THROUGHOUT THE 60s and 70s • Peru • The U.S. supported anti-insurgency efforts through covert operations countering leftist movements 1970-1973 • Chile • The U.S. supported the coup that ousted President Salvador Allende, installing the Augusto Pinochet dictatorial regime 1973-1985 • Uruguay • The U.S. supported the Uruguayan military during a period of dictatorship 1976-1983 Argentina • The U.S. provided military and political support to the military junta that seized power in Argentina in 1976 1980-1992 • El Salvador • The U.S. provided military and financial support to opponents of the leftists during the Salvadoran Civil War 1983 • Grenada • The U.S. invaded in Operation Urgent Fury, executing Maurice Bishop, and overthrowing The People’s Revolutionary Government (PRG) 1989 • Panama • The U.S. invaded in Operation Just Cause removing Manuel Noriega from power Throughout the 80s • Nicaragua • The U.S. supported Contras (trained in Honduras) against the Sandinista government in covert operations 1994-1995 • Haiti • The U.S. military intervention (Operation Uphold Democracy) to restore Jean-Bertrand Aristide to the presidency after a coup 1999-2002 • Colombia • The U.S. provided military aid “against drug trafficking” and insurgency (Plan Colombia) 1990s • Mexico • The U.S. provided military aid and training to Mexican forces as part of “Plan Colombia” 2004 • Haiti • The U.S. involved in the ousting of President Jean-Bertrand Aristide by deploying a multinational “peacekeeping” force 2008 Colombia • The U.S. supported operations against FARC rebels in Ecuador by providing key intelligence to the Colombian military • Bolivia • The U.S. supported opposition groups in Bolivia during political unrest resulting in Bolivian President Evo Morales expelling the U.S. ambassador 2019 • Venezuela • The U.S. recognized Juan Guaidó as the interim president, imposed a total economic embargo on Venezuela, and indicted President Nicolás Maduro of narcoterrorism 2020 Venezuela • The U.S. private security company, Silvercorp USA, organized an attempt to overthrow President Maduro, but it failed 2021 • Haiti • Three U.S. citizens, and one Colombian national were arrested in Florida in connection with the assassination of Haitian President Jovenel Moïse 2023 • Haiti • The U.S. supported Kenyan mission to “combat gang violence in Haiti” by signing a defense agreement Now • The Caribbean (Antigua, Barbados, Barbuda, Dominican Republic, Guyana, Jamaica, Saint Lucia, St.Kitts and Nevis, Suriname, and more) • The U.S. announces PACC 2030 a US-Caribbean partnership to “address the climate crisis by 2030” through U.S. financing, creating more debt and dependency on U.S. banks, infrastructure, and development AND SO ON...